Re: DNA
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In reply to:
Re: DNA
e. e. s. hammett 4/05/08
Compair the markers below for I1b Haplotype 6 which is thought an Anglo-Saxon type.
http://genforum.genealogy.com/cgi-genforum/forums/hammett.cgi?1475http://genforum.genealogy.com/cgi-genforum/forums/hammett.cgi?1475
Haplogroup I1b
The undifferentiated subclade of Haplogroup I1b (or I1b*) is centered in the Balkans,
where its founders may have taken refuge from the Ice Age. After the Ice Age, I1b* spread into
Eastern Europe. Unlike subclade I1a, it is not commonly found in Scandinavia and Western Europe.
Where it is found in Britain at all, it may reflect the genetic influence of Roman troops and settlers,
many of whom came from the Balkans or other parts of southeastern Europe.
Another subclade, I1b2, may have originated in Sardinia and spread into Iberia and France,
later migrating to the British Isles during the upper Paleolithic.
A recent study has indicated that subclade I1b2, although far more common in Sardinia than
anywhere else, also occurs among the Basques, and in Ireland at a rate of about 2.6 percent.
Since I1b2 is found among the Basques and the Irish, one may assume that it was part of the
genetic make-up of the aboriginal population of Western Europe - a kind of junior partner to the
much more widely prevalent AMH.
I1b Haplotype #1
This haplotype may reflect the movement of the Germanic tribes -
particularly the Goths - during the period of The Great Migrations.
The Goths were active around the Black Sea, and controlled portions
of Eastern Spain and Northern Italy.
This haplotype may have entered Britain with troops in the Roman army.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 23 10 11 12 - -
Geographical Locale %
Pakistan [Kalash] 4.55
Turkey 1.27
Liguria, Western Italy 1.23
Cordoba, Argentina 1.00
Central Anatolia, Turkey .91
Lombardy, Northern Italy .55
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Cheonan, South Korea .32
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
I1b Haplotype #2
This haplotype exhibits its highest European frequencies in Poland, Macedonia
and Italy. There are also hits in Sweden and Saxony.
This haplotype may have come to Britain with Gothic or Herulian troops, or with
Normans of Visigothic descent. It may also have arrived with the Anglo-Saxons
or the Vikings, but the match pattern definitely favors a Gothic origin.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 23 10 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale %
Indiana [African-American] 2.70
Cape Town, South Africa [European] 1.00
Lublin, Eastern Poland .75
Macedonia .67
New York City [European-American] .65
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Latium, Central Italy .45
Sweden .25
Leipzig, Saxony .15
I1b Haplotype #3
The hits in Asia may reflect either the phenomenon of haplotype "convergence",
or the incorporation of Goths into a nomadic population that moved eastward
into Asia from the Ukraine or the Caucasus. The Aorsi, an Indo-Iranian tribe
related to the Alans and Sarmatians, were known to the Chinese and very likely
made incursions in the Far East.
The two matches in Germany suggest that this haplotype most likely came to Britain with
the Anglo-Saxons.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 24 10 11 13 12/13 -
Geographical Locale %
Taraz, Kazakhstan .57
Greifswald, Germany .45
Halle, Germany .43
Cheonan, South Korea .32
I1b Haplotype #4
This haplotype is difficult to assess because it is close to an R1a signature,
and many of the matches here may be the result of convergence. The hits in
Pakistan and Norway are particularly suspect, not just because the locales
are typically R1a, but because the DYS385a value for these is 11 - also
typically R1a. Paradoxically, the DYS385a value of 13, which is more
typical of an I haplotype, was found only among the Far East Asian hits.
This haplotype may represent the easternmost reach of Gothic
and Indo-Iranian migration, and may have reached Britain with Roman
conscripts, or as an admixture among the Anglo-Saxons.
However, if the Norwegian hits are not the result of convergence, then
this haplotype most likely entered Britain with the Vikings.
(Please note that a partial haplotype was used in this search only because
the "Border Reiver" haplotype that bore these markers scored no matches
in the YSTR database when the DYS385a,b values were included.)
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 24 11 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale %
Southern Norway 4.00
Western Norway 1.56
Pakistan [Pathan] 1.08
Ibaraki/Tokushima/Yamaguchi, Japan .96
Pakistan [Sindhi] .82
Andulacia, Southern Spain .61
Vietnam .48
I1b Haplotype #5
This is another haplotype with an ambiguous origin. An Anglo-Saxon
origin is often "the rule of thumb" for I haplotypes, but this has the
earmarks of a Gothic signature. Although it most likely came to Britain
with the Anglo-Saxons, it might also have arrived with Roman troops
of Germanic descent.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 32 23 10 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale %
Maryland [European-American] 1.56
Graz, Austria 1.54
Pakistan [Sindhi] .82
East Timor .72
New York City [European-American] .65
Tyrol, Austria .44
Gdansk, Poland .18
I1b Haplotype #6
This is a rare haplotype, but most of the hits are in Northern and Western Germany.
An Anglo-Saxon origin is most likely.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
17 13 29 23 11 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale %
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate .96
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Luzon, Phillipines .47
I1b Haplotype #7
The haplotype below is rare, but unambiguously Germanic.
An Anglo-Saxon origin is most likely.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 30 23 11 11 13 12 -
Geographical Locale %
Tyrol, Austria .44
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Chemnitz, Saxony .12
I1b Haplotype #8
The haplotype below is also rare, but more ambiguous. The relatively high match rate
in India is probably due to convergence with "H" haplotypes, and the match in Japan is also
most likely due to convergence.
The relevant matches are those in Zaragoza and Northern Italy. If this haplotype is, in fact,
undifferentiated I1b, it may have originated in the Balkans and was brought west by the Goths or
Roman colonization.
This haplotype may have come to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, or with Normans
of Visigothic descent.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 31 23 10 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale %
Panjab, India 1.85
Ibaraki/Tokushima/Yamaguchi, Japan .96
Marche, Italy .93
Zaragoza, Aragon .83
I1b Haplotype #9
The match pattern for this haplotype falls in the U.S. heartland and in Ireland.
It may be indigenous to the British Isles, or at least Northern Europe.
Both Whit Athey's Haplotype Predictor and Ysearch suggested it was I1b,
but it has I1a features and may belong to that group instead.
Or, possibly, it is an example of I1b2, which appears to
have Iberian-Paleolithic origins.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 29 23 10 11 13 12 -
Geographical Locale %
Indiana [European-American] 2.94
Oregon [European-American] 2.85
Ireland .66
I1b Haplotype #10
The data for this haplotype is equally scanty, but the hit
in Spain is consistent with I1b2 as well.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 12 29 23 10 11 13 12 -
Geographical Locale %
Caceres, Spain 1.10
New York City [African-American] .67
I1b Haplotype #11
The match pattern below, which is concentrated in Eastern Europe, is
typical of an I1b signature.
It may have come to Britain with Roman troops from Thrace, Pannonia
or territory controlled by Goths and Sarmatians.
It might also have come to Scotland with the Hungarian servants and courtiers
of Margaret Atheling when she married Malcolm Canmore in the 11th century.
Lowland noble families of reputedly Hungarian descent include the
Crichtons, Borthwicks and Drummonds.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 13 32 24 11 11 13 15 15
Geographical Locale %
Eastern Hungary [Roma] 1.41
Budapest, Hungary .52
Kiev, Ukraine .55
I1b Haplotype #12
The haplotype below has a fairly typical I1b match pattern, with the highest frequencies
concentrated in Southeastern Europe. It most likely came to Britain with Roman troops or
settlers (e.g., Dacians, Thracians, Goths, possibly Sarmatians).
However, there are several matches in the Baltic region, so a Norse connection is possible.
That is especially germane, considering that this match table was prepared for a "Border
Reiver" surname entry with a background in the Orkneys.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 31 24 11 11 13 14 15
Geographical Locale %
Macedonia, Greece 3.57
Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians] 1.91
Bulgaria 1.64
Szeged, Hungary 1.00
Albania .99
Vilnius, Lithuania .63
Greifswald, Pomerania .48
Gdansk, Poland .36
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
I1b Haplotype #13
The haplotype below is very rare, but the single match in Greenland suggests a Danish, or at least some kind of
Northern Germanic, origin. However, similar haplotypes yield matches in Asiatic matches that are probably the result of
convergence, so possibly this Inuit match may be the result of convergence as well, and not really Y-line "Danish" after all.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 29 24 11 11 13 12 16
Geographical Locale %
Greenland [Inuit] 1.43
I1b Haplotype #14
This haplotype has two matches of Iberian origin. Although the match in Saxony would be consistent with
the Eastern European focus of I1b, we should consider the possibility that this haplotype might actually be
Iberian I1b2. If so, it may have come to Britain with prehistoric Iberian migrants.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 14 30 23 10 11 13 12 -
Geographical Locale %
Southern Portugal .89
New York City [Hispanic-American] .67
Leipzig, Saxony .15
I1b Haplotype #15
This haplotype has only two matches, both of which fall in the vicinity of the Rhine basin. It may be of Central European
origin, and could have come to Britain with the Romans, the Flemish, the Anglo-Saxons or even the continental European
Celts. It is unlikely to be of native British origin.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 12 29 23 11 11 13 12 14
Geographical Locale %
Strasbourg, Alsace 1.01
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .22
I1b Haplotype #16
This haplotype has only match. It is difficult to say what group brought this haplotype to Britain, other than that it
is most likely not of native British origin.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 28 24 10 11 13 12 12
Geographical Locale %
Caceres, Spain 1.09
I1b Haplotype #17
The haplotype below is confined to Eastern Europe, with its highest match frequencies in Bulgaria, Poland
and Slovenia. It does not appear Norse or Anglo-Saxon in origin, but could have come to Britain with the Dacian
and Thracian troops who resided at Birdoswald Fort along Hadrian's Wall from the 3rd century to the end of
Roman rule - and possibly beyond.
The Dacian empire in its heyday ranged across Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and the Ukraine, while Thrace shared a
border with Macedonia and occupied most of Bulgaria.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 13 31 24 11 11 13 14 16
Geographical Locale %
Bulgaria [Romani] 1.23
Szczecin, Poland .95
Ljubljana, Slovenia .56
Bialystok, Poland .55
Budapest, Hungary .52
Wroclaw, Poland .45
Gdansk, Poland .37
Bydgoszcz, Poland .24
Chemnitz, Germany .12
I1b Haplotype #18
The haplotype below is very rare, with only a couple of low frequency matches in Germany. Since Germany is very
overrepresented in YHRD, matches in Germany do not necessarily indicate a Germanic origin. However, it may be safe
to assume that this haplotype originated somewhere in Central Europe and came to Britain with invaders of some sort,
whether Anglo-Saxon or Roman.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 12 28 25 10 11 13 13 16/17
Geographical Locale %
Muenster, Germany .51
Chemnitz, Germany .25
I1b Haplotype #19
The haplotype below resembles an R1a haplotype because of the low DYS385a value of 12. Hence, the matches
in Poland may be the result of convergence with an R1a haplotype, rather than an accurate indication of where this
I1b haplotype can be found. An Eastern European origin, however, would be consistent with the known range of
this sub-clade.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 31 25 10 11 13 12 16
Geographical Locale %
Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians] 1.27
Suwalki, Poland 1.22
Bialystok, Poland .55
I1b Haplotype #20
The matches of the haplotype below fall exclusively in the Rhineland, which could suggest an origin among
either the Flemish, the Saxons or the Celts.
19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 12 29 23 11 11 13 12 14
Geographical Locale %
Strasbourg, France 1.01
Stuttgart, Germany .22
More Replies:
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Re: DNA
e. e. s. hammett 4/11/08